Scientific sources

What are Mayla's calculations based on?

The values Mayla uses to estimate your cycle, your fertility and your pregnancy (for example, the average length of the luteal phase, the fertile window of about six days ending on the day of ovulation, the basal body temperature rise rule, the due date at 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period, the trimesters, the length of the postpartum period or the intervals for contraceptive methods) come from peer-reviewed scientific studies and from guidelines issued by recognized organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and FDA-approved prescribing information.

These sources describe averages and ranges across populations of women. Your body may not follow them, which is why Mayla's predictions are estimates and not a diagnosis. We review the list when new guidelines are published.

Read the medical disclaimer

References

List last reviewed: 2026-10-16

References are cited in Vancouver style, in their language of publication, with their PubMed identifier (PMID), their DOI or their official link.

  1. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(23):1517-21. PMID: 7477165. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512073332301
  2. Wilcox AJ, Dunson D, Baird DD. The timing of the "fertile window" in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study. BMJ. 2000;321(7271):1259-62. PMID: 11082086. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1259
  3. Dunson DB, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR. Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(7):1835-9. PMID: 10402400. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835
  4. Bull JR, Rowland SP, Scherwitzl EB, Scherwitzl R, Danielsson KG, Harper J. Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles. NPJ Digit Med. 2019;2:83. PMID: 31482137. doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0152-7
  5. Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Raviele K. Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(3):376-84. PMID: 16700687. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x
  6. Lenton EA, Landgren BM, Sexton L. Normal variation in the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: identification of the short luteal phase. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984;91(7):685-9. PMID: 6743610. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04831.x
  7. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):393-408. PMID: 30198563. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12666
  8. Fraser IS, Critchley HOD, Broder M, Munro MG. The FIGO recommendations on terminologies and definitions for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding. Semin Reprod Med. 2011;29(5):383-90. PMID: 22065325. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1287662
  9. World Health Organization, Task Force on Methods for the Determination of the Fertile Period. Temporal relationships between ovulation and defined changes in the concentration of plasma estradiol-17 beta, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone. I. Probit analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;138(4):383-90. PMID: 6775535
  10. Su HW, Yi YC, Wei TY, Chang TC, Cheng CM. Detection of ovulation, a review of currently available methods. Bioeng Transl Med. 2017;2(3):238-46. PMID: 29313033. doi:10.1002/btm2.10058
  11. Marshall J. A field trial of the basal-body-temperature method of regulating births. Lancet. 1968;2(7558):8-10. PMID: 4172715. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92886-9
  12. Ecochard R, Boehringer H, Rabilloud M, Marret H. Chronological aspects of ultrasonic, hormonal, and other indirect indices of ovulation. BJOG. 2001;108(8):822-9. PMID: 11510707. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00194.x
  13. Barron ML, Fehring RJ. Basal body temperature assessment: is it useful to couples seeking pregnancy? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2005;30(5):290-6. PMID: 16132004. doi:10.1097/00005721-200509000-00004
  14. Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM. A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. JAMA. 1992;268(12):1578-80. PMID: 1302471
  15. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion No 700: Methods for Estimating the Due Date. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(5):e150-4. PMID: 28426621. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002046
  16. ACOG Committee Opinion No 579: Definition of term pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1139-40. PMID: 24150030. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437385.88715.4a
  17. Jukic AM, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, Wilcox AJ. Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(10):2848-55. PMID: 23922246. doi:10.1093/humrep/det297
  18. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. How your fetus grows during pregnancy [Internet]. Washington (DC): ACOG; [consultado 16 oct 2026]. Disponible en: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/how-your-fetus-grows-during-pregnancy
  19. Management of Stillbirth: Obstetric Care Consensus No 10. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(3):e110-32. PMID: 32080052. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003719
  20. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 200: Early Pregnancy Loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(5):e197-207. PMID: 30157093. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002899
  21. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. Geneva: WHO; 2022. ISBN 9789240045989. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045989
  22. Jackson E, Glasier A. Return of ovulation and menses in postpartum nonlactating women: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(3):657-62. PMID: 21343770. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820ce18c
  23. Curtis KM, Nguyen AT, Tepper NK, Zapata LB, Snyder EM, Hatfield-Timajchy K, et al. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2024;73(3):1-77. PMID: 39106301. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7303a1
  24. World Health Organization. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2016. ISBN 9789241565400. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565400
  25. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/021225s043lbl.pdf
  26. CooperSurgical. Paragard (intrauterine copper contraceptive) [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2024. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/018680s074lbl.pdf
  27. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. Kyleena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2023. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/208224s005lbl.pdf
  28. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. Skyla (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2023. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/203159s014lbl.pdf
  29. Organon. Nexplanon (etonogestrel implant) [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2026. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2026/021529s027lbl.pdf
  30. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. YAZ (drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol) tablets [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2023. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/021676s020lbl.pdf
  31. Duramed Pharmaceuticals. Seasonale (levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol) tablets [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2003. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/21544_seasonale_lbl.pdf
  32. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1159-68. PMID: 22344196. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3362
  33. McKinlay SM, Brambilla DJ, Posner JG. The normal menopause transition. Maturitas. 1992;14(2):103-15. PMID: 1565019. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(92)90003-m
  34. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation's updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep Health. 2015;1(4):233-43. PMID: 29073398. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004
  35. Paluch AE, Bajpai S, Bassett DR, Carnethon MR, Ekelund U, Evenson KR, et al. Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(3):e219-28. PMID: 35247352. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9
  36. Ding D, Nguyen B, Nau T, Luo M, Del Pozo Cruz B, Dempsey PC, et al. Daily steps and health outcomes in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2025;10(8):e668-81. PMID: 40713949. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00164-1